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Ft. -%2 NTotal Building Stock   Arialw@0 ww w0-2 N196,821-2 N Buildings -2 _Percent Greened  - 2 _5% -*2 pNew York City Land Area     -2 p 8,447,155,2002 psq. ft.!2 Years of AnalysisO   Arialw@K ww w0- 2 55-2 Years 2 Inflation Rate 2 3.00% 12 Nominal Social Discount Rate     2 7.00% 32 Nominal Private Discount Rate      Arialw@ ww w0-2 10.00% - !,--2 Percent 2 Non Green  2 }Green 2 Units 2  Difference -$2 Roof Life and Costsk  - !q--2  Roof Lifee  2 16 2 362 Years 2  225.0% 2  Cost of Roof  -2  $8.50-2 y$18.00 2 /SF5 2  211.8% H2 ++Technical Change Rate Non-Green (Roof Cost)      2 +1.00% B2 <'Technical Change Rate Green (Roof Cost)     2 <1.50% -2 ^$PRIVATE   -2 Heating/Cooling  - ![--2  Cooling Costs  -2  $0.40-2 $0.35 2 /SF3 2 15.0% -2 Food Production - !_--'2 Food Production Value  2 $8.57 2 /SF5 -42 Consumption/Aesthetic Benefits    - !--N2 /Beneficiaries of Green Roof Consumption/Gardens       2 962 People 2 Average Benefit  -2 y$28.33-"System !w-'- ; -2 WTP per building per year  -'- )<- 2 *Sound Reduction  - !c8--2 ;Sound Reduction   2 ;462 ;decibels*2 LAverage Property Value   -2 L$150.00s- 2 L/SF5 =2 ]$Change in Property Value Per Decibel      2 ]1.3% -2 $SOCIAL  -2  Stormwater  - !B--12 Stormwater Reduction on Roof     2 70%% -'- - Q2 1Capital Spending on Wastewater Treatment & Sewers        -'- )< 2 R $700,000,000W2 5NYC Budget and Mayor's Management Reports www.nyc.gov       -'- - T2 3Operating Spending on Wastewater Treatment & Sewerso        -'- )< 2 R $150,000,000W2 5NYC Budget and Mayor's Management Reports www.nyc.gov       =2 $Percent Wastewater & Sewer from Rain         2 65%% 2  Scale Factor  2 90%% -!2 Urban Heat IslandO  - !g&--'- )<-   - - !- !!- !!- II- !I- - !- - !- --- !-- - !- - !- ;;- !;- p- !U- !=!- !"!- I=I- !"I- - !"- - !- II- !3I- !!- !3!-  II- ! 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SUMMARY;3`i9Extend Service LifeImprove EfficiencyReduce runoff impacts(Reduce sound reflection and transmissionEnhance property values Stock pricesCut renovation costsCut energy costs Consumption LandscapingUrban Heat Island&Natural Habitat for animals and plantsLeisure Biodiversity, endangered speciesJobsRecycled materials Landfilles%Cut sewer costs, Stormwater retentionGreenhouse GasesRFF Externalities, Tellus Air QualityYear BuildingsUnits/SFYears Roof Life Service LifePrivateOwnersEnergy EfficiencyHeatTenants LandscapeSoundFoodSocialGreenHouse Gases Methane CH4Carbon DioxideNitrous Oxide N2OPFCsHFCsSF6Particulates PM10OzoneNitrogen Oxide NOX& Social/PublicBENEFITSCOSTS Stock Prices%Fiscal Impacts -- Government Revenues BiodiversityCosts of Roofs Maintenance(Property Values (not in Owners savings) LiabilityAbsoluteBaseChangePercentPermitValueDeathsHospital AdmissionsAsthma Admissions RespiratoryColdsReducedActivityDays& .unitsyearsGreenBTUkwhPhysical ChangesHealth ChangesEnergy/Heat IslandMaintenance CostsSize of EquipmentAmount of Insulation7Incorporation of cooling &/or water treatment functionsDay CareMeetings Recreation Aesthetics Unit Costs$SquareFeetCost/SFTOTALCOSTTotalPVComments Difference Green RoofBase (Non-Green Roof)Unit ASSUMPTIONSYears of Analysis Non Green Cost of RoofInflation Rate Non-Green+Technical Change Rate Non-Green (Roof Cost)'Technical Change Rate Green (Roof Cost)Roof Square Footage GreenedAverage Roof SizeTotal Building StockPercent Greened Total Greened Per BuildingPer Square Footpeopledecibels Applicable Percentage Applicable Square FeetJFairmount - ($ =$25,000/2,100SF)* (Canadian dollar = .72) * probabil = .021.3% x property valueSq.Ft.Sq. Ft.per year/Sq. Ft.R5 people per building would pay an average of $50 per year + 5 pay $25 + 5 pay $10BODBODFBiochemical Oxygen Demand"Biochemical Oxygen Demand filteredCODChemical Oxygen DemandNO2NitrateNH3AmmoniaTKNTotal Kjeldahl NitrogenPO4OrthophosphateTPTotal PhosphorousSSSettleable SolidstonLeadCadmiumHeatingCooling NET BENEFITSBENEFIT/COST RATIO Green Roofs Avg. Sq. Ft.PerBuildingTOTAL BENEFITS AnnualizedJGreen Roofs @ $17.50/SF last 36 years, Non-Green @ $9 .00/SF last 16 years^937,242 parcels x % (tenements+walkups+commercial+industrial)) = total buildings x 5% greened)Fairmount Hotel produced C$25,000 x .72 to get US$ divide by 2,100 SF to get $/SF multiply by probability of 1% to get that revenue[Cut 4 decibels, increases property value 1.3% per decibel, average building value = $100/SF(lowers costs below)?Cut cooling costs 20% from $0.30/SF/year x total square footageFiscal Impacts MultiplierImpliesReal Discount Rate Cooling Costs?Total NYC Parcels * %Walkup,tenement,elevatored apt, comm, ind)Total Sq. Ft. GreenedFood Production Value/Beneficiaries of Green Roof Consumption/GardensPeopleAverage BenefitSound Reduction$Change in Property Value Per DecibelAverage Property Value Nominal Social Discount RateNominal Private Discount RateReduced Site Development Costs9Increased Space (Otherwise used for stormwater detension)BasisStormwater Reduction on Roof1Capital Spending on Wastewater Treatment & Sewers$Percent Wastewater & Sewer from Rain Scale Factor3Operating Spending on Wastewater Treatment & Sewers#Water Runoff Operating Expenditures!Water Runoff Capital ExpendituresWater Quality BenefitsRainwater RetainedNew York City Land AreaPercent Green Roof Green RoofedPercent Land AreaDecrease Stormwater 60% on each greened roof (5% of all roofs which cover 0.6% of all surface area) cut annual operating costs of $150,000,000a1m2 (10.76 ft2) of grass roof can remove .2 kg airporne particles per year so 1 SF cuts .01859 kgper SFLowValues Benefits/kgkg removed/sq.ft roof/kgParticulates removed"Value of Greenhouse Gas Reductions/ton&Annual Value of Particulate ReductionsAnnual Value of NOX ReductionsSource: US Forest Service Northeast Research Station Urban Canopy Enhancements through Interactive Mapping, David J. Nowak, Jeffrey T. Walton, Soojeong Myeong, and Daniel E. Crane Annual Value of Ozone ReductionsAnnual Value of SO2 Reductions*Annual Value of Carbon Monoxide Reductions StormwaterRoof Life and CostsHeating/CoolingFood ProductionConsumption/Aesthetic BenefitsAir Pollution/Greenhouse Gases Values Physical Effects NOX Removed Ozone Removed SO2 RemovedGreenhouse Gas ReductionSulfur Dioxide SO2Carbon Monoxide Removedsq. ft.'of net benefits (Avg Property Tax Rate)Fiscal Impacts (property taxes)Income GeneratedIncome Per Jobof income generatedFiscal Impacts (income taxes)tonstons removed in cityTotal Costs/BenefitsQToronto 6% roofs greened cuts GHG 2.4 megatons population (660,000/8,000,000)*.75ImpactsMean WTP per incident ($1990)Health Endpoint WTPs6COSTS AND BENEFITS OF GREEN ROOF PROGRAM NEW YORK CITY Calculations Life SavedLife Year ExtendedHospital Admissinos#All Respiratory Illnesses, all agesPneumonia, age < 65COPD, age > 65 Ischemic Heart Disease, age < 65"Congestive Heart Failure, age > 65Emergency Visits for AsthmaOtherChronic BronchitisUpper Respiratory Symptoms Source EPALower Respiratory SymptonsAcute Bronchitis'Acute Respiratory Syumptoms (any of 19)Shortness of BreathSinisitis and Hay FeverWork Loss DaysRestricted Activity Dats (RAD) Minor RADRespiratory RADWorker Productivity VisibilityHousehold Soiling damage Not monetized"per worker per 10% change in ozong,per unit decrease in deciveiew per household$Net Cost of Green Roofs v. Non-Green!Consumption/Aesthetics/RecreationR3 people per building would pay an average of $50 per year + 3 pay $25 + 3 pay $10WTP per building per yearJobs (construction)Jobs (permanent)Total Cooling Citywidedegrees per 50,000,000 SF% of Particulates% of Particulates reductionRETURN ON NET INVESTMENT Present ValueNet Benefits/Costs/Citywide Cooling Cost Percent Change Per Degree% Initial Expenditures Green Roofs Program Administration and Setup1Initital Expenditures on Non-Green Roofs ForegonePRIVATESOCIAL Program CostsPercent of InvestmentsAdministrative CostsProgram Maintenance EmployeesAverage SalaryAncillary Costs Per Employee TOTAL COSTS5NYC Budget and Mayor's Management Reports www.nyc.govMACROSDecrease Stormwater 60% on each greened roof (5% of all roofs which cover 0.6% of all surface area) cut annual capital costs of $700,000,000Lphysical reduction = 25% of particulate reduction x value removed from Nowak}1m2 (10.76 ft2) of grass roof can remove .2 kg airborne particles per year so 1 SF cuts .01859 kg x value of $4.78/kg removed1% of initial costsM12 employees earn an average of $60,000 + $30,000 per employee in other costsXProgram (50,000,000 SF green roofs) cuts city temperature 1 degree cuts $.40/SF costs 2%fGreening all Toronto roofs cuts GHG 2.4 megatons multiply by NY population/Toronto (8,000,000/600,000)Bt 5zh[-*u k"kn Md' t A   k yeW  !@"K#?$$z&&p'HP(*H ^@  dMbP?_*+%MSamsung ML-1200 SeriesO odXXLetterPRIV''''222222222p dlCourier NewH"dX??U} m$} m    Extend Service LifeCut renovation costsImprove EfficiencyCut energy costsGreenhouse Gases"RFF Externalities, Tellus Air Quality Reduce runoff impacts.%Cut sewer costs, Stormwater retention1 (Reduce sound reflection and transmission   Consumption    Landscaping LeisureUrban Heat Island /&Natural Habitat for animals and plants) Biodiversity, endangered species&Recycled materials Landfilles  Enhance property values  Stock prices  Jobs "KFM&^C&,(,j82'>@7 ^@  dMbP?_*+%"??luU} m } I       D>@7 ^@  dMbP?_*+%"??luU>@  7 ^@  dMbP?_*+%MSamsung ML-1200 SeriesO odXXLetterPRIV''''222222222p dlCourier NewH